Informatics Publishing Limited

Abstract

Globally cancer is a major public health problem, one out of 10 deaths occur due to cancer. Worldwide cervical cancer comprises 12% of all cancers in women of the 4, 66,000 cases, estimated to have occurred in the year 2009-developing countries account for 3, 70,000 cases. Around 2, 31,000 women die of cervical cancer every year in the world and over 80% of whom live in developing countries. South East Asia contributes about 25% of the total disease burden.

Cancer of the cervix is the most common cancer among women in India. It has been estimated that 100,000 new cases of cancer of the cervix occur in India every year & 70% or more of these are stage III or higher at diagnosis. This clearly indicates the lack of awareness and facilities for cervical cancer screening in India. In countries like India where a huge section of the population live below poverty line and where awareness among women for cervical cancer control and treatment remain very limited even years after implementation of the national cancer control programme in 1975, and the recent breakthrough in the global war against cervical cancer does not seem to have much impact.

Hence, there is a necessity to bring awareness among women regarding cervical cancer screening which can improve the health seeking behavior by making them to undergo screening. Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is of particular interest to developing countries because it is less expensive and only requires supplies which are locally obtainable and can be competently performed by non-physicians.

Design: The study was conducted in two phases. The I phase was conducted as one group pre and post test only design.

Experimental approach of repeated measures design was used in the II phase of the study.

Setting: Setting of the study was selected villages in Puducherry covered by Villianur Health Center and Community Health Centre, Mannadipet And Thirubhuvani.

Participants: 520 women under the age group of 35-55years from the villages covered by Mannadipet Community Health Centre and Villianur Primary Health centre were selected by stratified simple random sampling with the help of the enumeration register maintained by the field staffs of the concern health centers.

Intervention: The knowledge of the women was assessed by giving pre test followed by teaching intervention (N=520). Educational intervention was given in the form of structured teaching and its impact was tested by giving post test within a week. The health seeking behaviour of the women was identified by their acceptance for screening (N = 204) They were provided with adequate privacy and consent was obtained .Pap smear was taken prior to VIA with the wooden spatula and the smear was spread on two glass slides and preserved in 80 %alcohol solution and was send to lab for analysis.

VIA was done by applying acetic acid over the cervix and the cervix was assessed after 1 minute for aceto white changes.

Measurements and tools: The structured questionnaire was utilized to assess the knowledge before and after health intervention during the I phase of the study. Collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Visual scale for color changes due to acetic acid application on the cervix was assessed with photographs was utilized during the II phase of the study.

Findings: The health seeking behavior of women of subjecting themselves for cervical cancer screening is increased by creating awareness by imparting educational intervention.

Statistically there is no significant difference between VIA and Pap smear test. Hence VIA can be used as a primary screening method to detect precancerous cervical lesions.

Key Conclusion: Creating awareness by educational intervention will improve the health seeking behavior of making women by creating awareness to accept cervical cancer screening.

VIA can be used as a primary cost-effective method to screen women for precancerous cervical lesion
in a low resource setting.

Implications for clinical practice: Creating awareness by imparting health education will improve the health seeking behavior of women by making them to undergo cervical cancer screening.

Statistical significance of VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid application) shows that it can be used as a primary method to screen precancerous cervical lesions. Further research is suggested to determine the effectiveness of VIA in screening cancer cervix.

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Pregnancy is a special event. The labor and birth process is an exciting, anxiety provoking situation for the woman and her family. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the effect of self instructional module on knowledge regarding selected aspects of safe motherhood among primigravida women in selected hospitals, Puducherry with the objective to assess the existing level of knowledge, assess the effect of SIM on safe motherhood among primigravida women and associate the pre test level of knowledge with selected demographic variables. A quantitative evaluatory approach and pre-experimental one group pre test-post test was used. Purposive sampling technique was done to select 50 primigravida women. To collect the data structured questionnaire was administered followed by administration of SIM. On the 7^th day the effectiveness of the SIM assessed by conducting post test. The statistical analysis of the data shows that the self instructional module was effective in improving knowledge as the 't' value is 20.12 which is significant at p<0.01. After computation it depicts that the mean post test score is significantly higher than the mean pre-test score. So in the inference it reveals that the research hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected. It signifies the association between the level of pre test knowledge with selected demographic variables like education and occupation.

Objectives:

* To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding selected aspects of safe motherhood among primigravida women.

* To evaluate the effect of SIM regarding safe motherhood in terms of gain in post test knowledge scores of primigravida when compare to their pre test scores.

* To associate the level of knowledge with selected demographic variables among primigravida women regarding selected aspects of safe motherhood.

Design: The research design adopted for this study is pre experimental design, of which one group pre-test- posttest design.

Settings: The study was conducted at various hospitals in Puducherry.

Samples: In this study, the samples are the primigravida women who were admitted to the antenatal wards of selected hospitals, Puducherry and also those who satisfy the inclusion criteria are included as samples in the study. The sample size was 50. The sampling technique used is Non-probability purposive sampling.

Result: The researcher found that there was a significant improvement in knowledge of primigravida women after the administration of self instructional module on safe motherhood and there was significant association between levels of pre-test knowledge of primigravida women with selected demographic as educational status of the samples.

Conclusion: The present study shows that the most of the primigravida women had moderate knowledge. The difference between pre test and post test score revealed that self instructional module is very effective in improving knowledge of primigravida women. The pre test knowledge of safe motherhood is significantly associated with variables like education and occupational status of primigravida women, but there is no significant association between the pre test knowledge and age, family type, number of elder females in the family and age at marriage.

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Globally cancer is a major public health problem, one out of 10 deaths occur due to cancer. Worldwide, cervical cancer comprises 12% of all cancers in women, of the 4,66,000 cases estimated to have occurred in the year 2002, developing countries account for 3,70,000 cases. Around 2,31,000 women die of cervical cancer every year in the world and, over 80% of whom live in developing countries. South East Asia contributes about 25% of the total disease burden (Maria Juliette, WHO). All over the world, successful cervical cancer prevention is based on women's participation in screening and on an organized screening program. But the resources are scarce in developing countries to conduct organized cytology based screening programme and to bring awareness about cervical screening among women. Hence, there is a necessity to bring awareness among women regarding cervical cancer screening which can improve the health seeking behavior by making them to undergo screening.

Objectives:

1. To assess the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer screening.

2. To determine the association between the selected demographic variables and knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer screening.

3. To identify the health seeking behavior of women after imparting knowledge on cervical cancer screening. Design: The study was conducted as pre-experimental design of one group pre and post test design. Setting: Setting of the study was selected villages in Puducherry covered by Villianur Health Center and Community Health Centre, Mannadipet and Thirubhuvani. Participants: 520 women under the age group of 35-55years from the villages covered by Mannadipet Community Health Centre and Villianur Primary Health centre were selected by stratified simple random sampling with the help of the enumeration register maintained by the field staffs of the concern health centers. Intervention: The knowledge of the women was assessed by giving pre test followed by teaching intervention (N=520). Educational intervention was given in the form of structured teaching and its impact was tested by giving post test within a week. The health seeking behavior of the women was identified by their acceptance for screening (N = 204).

Measurements and tools: The structured questionnaire was utilized to assess the knowledge before and after health intervention during the study. Collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The health seeking behavior of women of subjecting themselves for cervical cancer screening is increased by creating awareness by imparting educational intervention. Key Conclusion: Creating awareness by educational intervention will improve the health seeking behavior of making women by creating awareness to accept cervical cancer screening.

Implications for clinical practice: Creating awareness by imparting health education will improve the health seeking behavior of women by making them to undergo cervical cancer screening.

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Background and Purpose: Today more than before ever there is abundance of written material concerning the low birth weight infant. Approximately 40% of all deaths occur at the age of five years with the highest morality occurring in the first seven days of life. All health professionals should understand the importance of providing expert care to low birth weight infant. The investigator takes steps to assess the knowledge of mothers in care of premature infants in selected hospitals at Thrissur, Kerala.

Objective: To assess the knowledge of mothers regarding developmental care for very low weight preterm infants and to prepare an information booklet regarding care of preterm infants based on findings.

Design: A descriptive survey design was used

Subjects: In this study sample consisted of 50 mothers of preterm infants admitted at Maternity Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala.

Methods: Purposive sampling technique was adopted.

Result: The findings of the study showed participants had knowledge on basic concept on premature infant (47%), maintenance of temperature (49%), maintenance of nutrition (43%), hygienic care of premature infants (73%), prevention of infection (66%), and follow up care (47%).

Conclusion: The overall knowledge level of mothers regarding care of premature infants found to be 60%. There was significant association between age at marriage, religion, education, income, type of family, and there is no association between number of children of mothers and their knowledge levels.

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Nutritional problems have serious public health significance impacting psychological, physical, developmental, behavioural and work performance of pregnant women. Anaemia is a widespread public health problem associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in pregnant women and young children. Poor nutritional status and anaemia in pregnancy have consequences that extend over generations. Hence a study was undertaken to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers on prevention of nutritional anaemia in selected hospital at Thrissur with a view to develop a self instructional module. It is a quantitative descriptive research approach and the study was based on Health belief model. After getting informed consent, 100 antenatal mothers were selected for the study by using non probability purposive sampling. Structured knowledge questionnaire were administered to get a base line data about the mother, and also to assess the knowledge on prevention of nutritional anaemia. Followed by the researcher has provided the self instructional module on prevention of nutritional anemia to each samples. The statistical analysis of the study shows that, among 100 samples, 21 (21%) were having inadequate knowledge, 71 (71%) were having moderate knowledge and only 8 (8%) were having adequate knowledge regarding prevention of nutritional anemia the study also reveals that there is a significant association between the knowledge levels of antenatal mothers with selected demographic variables like age in years and source of information. However, the distribution of self instructional module will help the antenatal mothers to prevent nutritional anemia and further complications.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers on prevention of nutritional anemia in selected hospital at Thrissur with a view to develop a self instructional module. The study was conducted in Aswini Hospital, Thrissur. The data collection was carried out in the month of January for a period of 4 weeks. The data was collected from 100 antenatal mothers though a structured questionnaire and collected the baseline data and also find out the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding prevention of nutritional anemia. The samples were selected by non probability purposive sampling technique. After the data collection, the prepared self instructional module was distributed individually to the sample. The findings were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

Objective: To assess the existing level of knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding prevention of nutritional anaemia.

* To associate the level of knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding prevention of nutritional anaemia with selected demographic variables.

* To develop a self instructional module on prevention of nutritional anaemia.

Design: A descriptive survey design was used

Settings: The setting is the physical location and conditions in which data collection takes place in a study. The present study was conducted in the antenatal OPD's of Aswini Hospital (P) Ltd, Thrissur. In this study sample consisted of 50 mothers of preterm infants admitted at Maternity Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala.

Samples: Antenatal mothers, who meet the inclusion criteria were taken as samples. The sample size was 100.

Result: It reveals that there is a significant association between the knowledge levels of antenatal mothers regarding prevention of nutritional anemia and selected demographic variables like age in years and source of information. It also reveals that, there no association between knowledge of antenatal mothers and their demographic variables like religion, education of the mother, occupation of the mother, education of the husband, occupation of the husband, family monthly income, type of family, no of family members, gravida, no of children and dietary pattern.

Conclusion: Antenatal mothers are having inadequate knowledge regarding prevention of nutritional anemia. Moreover, the researcher found that there is no significant association between knowledge of antenatal mothers with selected demographic variables like religion, education of the mother, occupation of the mother, education of the husband, occupation of the husband, family monthly income, type of family, no of family members, gravida, no of children and dietary pattern.

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Menopause is a normal natural event, a change of life; usually confirmed when a woman has missed her periods for 12 consecutive months. As a nurse, we should help the women to accept the changes and develop a positive attitude towards menopause thereby ensuring that every women in the society will live in harmony during their old age. Therefore a study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of postmenopausal symptoms and its management among women at selected areas in Thrissur was done. The samples were 40 women, selected by purposive sampling from various areas, Thrissur. The objectives of the study was to assess the level of knowledge on postmenopausal problems and its management, to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on postmenopausal symptoms and its management and to associate the level of pre test knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Pre-experimental one group pre-test-post-test design was used in the study. The data was collected by administering structured questionnaire followed by structured teaching programme on postmenopausal symptoms and its management. After 7 days, post test was done to assess the effectiveness of STP. The statistical analysis of the data shows that 50% of women had moderate knowledge and STP was effective in improving the knowledge of the women as the 't' value of 10.278 is greater than the table value at p<0.01. It was found that there is no association between pretest knowledge and selected demographic variables. The study concluded that there is a need to educate the common public about the menopausal problems and its management to cope up with it. Background and Purpose: Menopausal changes mostly depend on the individual makeup and her previous outlook towards menopause and its significance. Many studies are not conducted in India in this area, so there is a need for this study because generally Indian women do not correlate these symptoms as being due to menopause and the knowledge and scientific data on menopausal symptoms experienced by the Indian women is sparse. It is important therefore to address all the menopausal related disease and prophylactic measures so that these women can lead an enjoyable and healthy life. Many Indian women though still educated have doubts related to managing menopause and the increased health risk during this period. It is important to encourage schools and other educational institutions, medical care providers and health department to cooperate in educating women about menopause, its symptoms, long term consequences and treatment options. This combined effort by educational programs and health care providers will help in increasing public awareness. This may result in significant improvement in both life expectancy and quality of life of women in future. The researcher felt that it is essential to ensure that a women understands that the menopause represents a change of life and not an end of life and by educating the women they will be able influence and disseminate it to others.

Objective:

* To assess the level of knowledge on postmenopausal symptoms and its management among women

* To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on postmenopausal symptoms and its management among women.

* To associate the level of pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables.

Design: A one group pre-test post-test design was used

Settings: The study was conducted at various areas in Thrissur, Kerala.

Samples: In this study samples were various women in the age group of 30-55 years at selected areas of Thrissur. Sample size was 40 and study samples were selected by purposive sampling.

Result: The study was done among 60 menopausal women in the age of 30 to 55. The pre-test knowledge showed that 56.7% had moderately adequate knowledge, 41.7% had inadequate knowledge and 1.6% had adequate knowledge on menopause.

Conclusion: Menopause is a great time to change. Many women experience a new found sense of freedom and anticipate personal growth. It was concluded that structured teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of women. The pretest knowledge on postmenopausal problems and its management is not significantly associated with variables like age, monthly income, number of elder females in the family, whether menopause attained or no and source of information.

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Objectives:

• To assess pain level among primigravida women during first stage of labour in experimental group and control group before practicing patterned breathing technique. 
• To assess pain level among primigravida women during first stage of labour in experimental group and control group after practicing patterned breathing technique. 
• To compare the pain level among primigravida women in experimental and control group. 

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